The term "states", INITIATIVE, the process by which citizens, rather than legislators, propose statutes or constitutional amendments and place them before voters for ap, In the years preceding the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Marbury v. Madison (1803), Americans gradually came to accept the notion that courts could, Reference Services and Information Access, Reference Books on War, Peace, and the Military, https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/referendum, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/referendum, https://www.encyclopedia.com/law/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/referendum-0, https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum. Lawrence, Eric D. 12, no. 1866-1945. Schrag, Peter, Paradise Lost: California's Experience, America's Future (New York, 1998), 195Google Scholar. Tolbert, Caroline J. . 46. Initiatives are citizen made proposals and amendments that can be put on ballots during elections; they are the most frequently used out of the 806 Words 4 Pages Decent Essays Read More Since the Progressive Era, many scholars have expressed deep reservations over the ability of citizens to vote on ballot measures that support their core beliefs and attitudes. Zimmerman, Joseph, The Initiative: Citizen Law-Making (Westport, Conn., 1999), 9495Google Scholar. 34. Although the DLL stayed active in 1913 and tried to get several progressive measures through the legislature, in 1914 Lindsey incorporated the Colorado Social Service League and the DLL floundered in his absence. During the Progressive Era, the initiative and popular referendum were commonly referred to as the Oregon System, alluding to the widespread use of the mechanisms in Oregon, which began in earnest in 1904. There are two problems with this analysis. Two of the most powerful advocates were Woodrow Wilson of Princeton, New Jersey, and John Dewey of Chicago. Schmidt erroneously reports that Colorado also adopted the recall in 1910. See, for instance, Oberholtzer, Ellis, The Referendum in America (New York, 1900)Google Scholar; Beard, Charles and Shultz, Birl, Documents on the State-wide Initiative, Referendum and Recall (New York, 1912)Google Scholar; Munro, William, ed., The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall (New York, 1912)Google Scholar; Haynes, George, People's Rule on Trial, Political Science Quarterly 28 (1913): 1833CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lowell, Lawrence, Public Opinion and Popular Government (New York, 1913)Google Scholar; Barnett, James, The Operation of the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in Oregon (New York, 1915)Google Scholar; Cushman, Robert, Recent Experience with the Initiative and Referendum, American Political Science Review 10 (1916): 532539CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hall, Arnold, Popular Government (New York, 1921)Google Scholar. 39. Lonsdale, The Movement for an Eight-Hour Law in Colorado, 271. Smith, Daniel A. thesis, University of Denver, 1961), 8689Google Scholar. Progressives believed that the government needed to intervene to regulate the size and power of -Jacob Riis The ballot title of Measure 19 stated: AN ACT TO REGULATE AND LIMIT THE HOURS OF EMPLOYMENT IN UNDERGROUND MINES, SMELTERS, MILLS AND COKE OVENS; TO DECLARE CERTAIN EMPLOYMENT INJURIOUS TO THE HEALTH AND DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND LIMB. Even more cryptically, the popular referendum, Measure 21, read: HOUSE BILL NO. Ammons's administration was blemished, however, by his handling of the September 1913 strike by coal miners around Trinidad and the subsequent Ludlow Massacre in April 1914 carried out by the Colorado state militia after the mine owners convinced Ammons to send in the National Guard to keep the mines in operation. America continues to benefit from the many reforms that were proposed and then enacted as a result of the Progressive Era. 15. c. Roaring Twenties WebReferendum It is a process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by the legislature Voters may also call for their own referendum by gathering a certain number of WebGreater Durham Chamber of Commerce. b. the growing political influence of women 72. Expanding our taxing power has allowed the federal government to expand its reach nationally and into the states welfare, Food Stamps, Medicare, Medicaid, ObamaCare, and hundreds more organizations. Following his two terms as governor, Shafroth was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat in 1912. 67. Despite opposition by the influential Denver Republican newspaper and many public officials from both major parties, voters reelected Governor Shafroth in 1910 with 54 percent of the vote. WebHiram Warren Johnson (September 2, 1866 August 6, 1945) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 23rd governor of California from 1911 to 1917. Wilcox, Delos, Government by All the People (New York, 1912), 310Google Scholar. c. politicians campaigning for education reform See Barnett, The Operation of The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in Oregon, 7585; Ellis, Democratic Delusions, 3035. Colorado Senate, Senate Journal, 15258. 10Google Scholar. The Two Utilities Bills, Rocky Mountain News, 17 October 1912. Before the 17th Amendment, Senators had been chosen by the state legislatures, and not everyday voting citizens. See Smith, Daniel A., Homeward Bound? Wilson called for a living Constitution, which is very much part of the Progressive creed today. d. of the efforts of muckrakers, -Assimilated immigrants Hofstadter, Richard, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. hasContentIssue true. The income tax, which originally was a low rate and only taxed the wealthy, has given the federal government almost unlimited power to tax. The Progressive Era marked the end of the Gilded Ages and a start of a new era. California, Oregon, and several other states had parallel partisan experiences during this period. Bring out the contrasting ideas in the following by using the pause: Contrast now the circumstances of your life and mine, gently and with temper, AEschines; and then ask these people whose fortune they would each of them prefer. His progressive vision of a better society became the stepping-off point for Californias journey through the 20th century. and Circumventing their partisan state legislatures, defenders of the plebiscitary mechanisms evoke how citizens successfully employed the initiative and popular referendum, as one Progressive Era supporter of the pure democratic process championed, to rouse a great forward movement toward stability, justice, and public spirit in American political institutions.. "referendum n. (pl. See Schmidt, Citizen Lawmakers, 226. Newspapers of the day rarely referred to the specific corporate holdings of Evans. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum. Although Pearce agreed that many of the signatures were indeed forgeries, he insisted that he was powerless to do anything because the 1910 law gave no remedy for fake signatures on petitions. Once the scheme was disclosed publicly, enough legislators refused to endorse it; Speer never won his coveted U.S. Senate seat. a. veteran soldiers protesting to obtain benefits Again, one might expect the county-level vote on the two measures to be inversely related, as a yes vote on the initiative, which would reinstate the language of the 1905 legislation, would have the same effect as voting no on the popular referendum. 12. 52. a. helped people living in poverty c. the assimilation of immigrants 22. The Progressive Era was a period marked by reforms aimed at breaking the concentrated power, or monopoly, of certain corporations and trusts. Since the enactment of the election of Senators by the citizens of their state, Senators, again, please the voters, and the state legislatures have severely lost power and influence with their federal Senators. 25. These early results contradict the established finding that compulsory referendums placed on the ballot by state legislatures are historically much more likely to pass than initiatives and popular referendums. d. the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, Which of the following occurred as a result of the Sherman Antitrust Act? Like Shafroth, Ammons switched party allegiances in 1896, joining the Democratic party after serving in the state legislature as a Republican during the early 1890s. Huber, The Progressive Career of Ben B. Lindsey, 34546. b. reporting for jury duty Which civic action demonstrates the most fundamental responsibility of citizens in a democracy? https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/referendum-0, "referendum Almost immediately, ballot measures began to play an increasing role in the creation of public policy. c. helped expose social injustices and corruptions c. the federal government could dissolve business monopolies 75. The term mythic narrative is borrowed from Ellis, Richard, Democratic Delusions: The Initiative Process in America (Lawrence, Kan., 2002), 177Google Scholar. a. prevent party leaders from amending campaign platforms Voters had no way of knowing, from their ballot, what those sections contained. ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, Delegation of Powers Living political constitutions must be Darwinian in structure and in practice. WebProgressive Era Reforms 2:50 The Progressive Era spanned the late 1800s to the 1920s. Chicago voters rejected Democratic Mayor Lori Lightfoots bid for a second term on Tuesday, elevating progressive Cook County Commissioner Brandon Johnson to face conservative candidate Paul Vallas an ardent school privatization advocate in While some such restrictions had always applied, the scope of the new law was much more broad. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. b. exposed corrupt political machines c. setting limits on the growth of private industry Indeed, while the Colorado electorate summarily rejected both public utility measures in 1912, a county-level analysis of the two votes reveals that voters in the state's sixty-two counties did not vote at the aggregate level as consistently on the two measures as might be expected. 68. ." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. & I. in the Twentieth Century (Lincoln, 1992), 21Google Scholar. a. federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions Then it managed to put a referendum on independence on the ballot. Immediately following the 1910 popular vote, opponents challenged the measure in court, arguing that the special session bill had not been submitted properly to the people under Colorado's constitution. Many people tried to get around this amendment through bootlegging and speakeasies, however, and the enforcement of this law was difficult. 50. 22 Feb. 2023 . Looking at the total votes cast in the election, even Measure 31, which had the most votes of the five legislatively referred measures, was voted upon by less than half of the people who voted on the prohibition initiative. Omnipotent, it was the duty of the superior elites to deem what is good for We the People. a. 1. The popular referendum is a measure that appears on the ballot as a result of a voter petition drive and is similar to the initiative in that both are triggered by petitions, but The Progressive Era was a period of social and political reform in the United States during the early 1900s that ushered in comprehensive labor laws, Prohibition and womens suffrage. Akela Lacy. In his remarkable career as a Denver judge and social reformer, Lindsey was harassed by the Ku Klux Klan, disbarred in Colorado in 1929 (and later reinstated in 1935), and eventually moved to California to practice law. WebCh 17 The Progressive Era Test Answers Pdf When somebody should go to the ebook stores, search instigation by shop, shelf by shelf, it is really problematic. The people listed above In fact, Coloradoans approved a constitutional amendment ballot initiative (Measure 9) in 1912 that permitted the recall of public officials. 64. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. ." These innovations allowed people to vote directly on a number of things. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Many Progressives believed that state legislatures were part of this problem and that they were essentially "in the pocket" of certain wealthy interests. & I was not surprising. WebThe Progressive Era (18961917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and Tolbert, Caroline Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18. and This allows people the power to create a law when their legislators are not willing to do so. While the debate over the merits and drawbacks of citizen lawmaking remains as contentious as ever, critics and proponents alike usually concur that two extra-legislative toolsthe citizen initiative and the popular referendumwere most effectively used to counteract the legislative might of special interests during the Progressive Era. The political and social changes which occurred during this time were a direct response to the corruption and the greed displayed by powerful Robber Barons and tycoons during the Gilded Age. 27. Copyright The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. 2002. 32. Unfortunately, both works have numerous inaccuracies concerning the 1912 election. Police unions have rallied around Missouri Senate Bill 78, which would reinstate a Civil War-era system of state oversight. Despite serious concerns about voter competence during the Progressive Era, political scientists today generally concur that voters are capable of meeting minimal requirements for decision making in direct-democracy elections. Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices, 20. WebALBERT J. BEVERIDGE, From his speech as temporary chairman of Progressive National Convention, Chicago, 1912. 65. See Magleby, David, Direct Legislation in the American States, in Butler, David and Ranney, Austin, eds., Referendums around the World (Washington, D.C., 1994), 230231Google Scholar. Among the other reforms that the Progressive Era saw were laws to regulate and limit dangerous child labor and laws which created the 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week. c. 16th Amendment b. the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment Utilities Bill Is Drawn by Phone Heads, Is Charge, Denver Republican, 25 October 1912. d. Cold War, Issues surrounding women's voting rights were settled by- The recall enables citizens to collect signatures to force a retention vote of an elected official. 6. 4. "useRatesEcommerce": false Schrag, Paradise Lost, 219. These three moves gave more power to the citizen voting population. In 1913, the DLL, as well as some Democratic members of the House, circulated a petition for an initiative on the 1914 ballot that would have dissolved the state Senate. Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum, "Referendum the 1920s. Answer these questions about the lines of "A Psalm of Life. Knights of Columbus, Masons, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Loyal Order of Moose), where people were self-sufficient and voluntarily formed institutions to better themselves and their communities, because of the Progressive movement, but today our country is suffering from the unintended consequences of this Progressive Era. WebThe Progressive Movement was an early-20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunity, and to correct injustices in American life. (Danzer R54). adoption in all states of the initiative referendum and recall it also advocated woman suffrage workmen s The referendum is a check on such abuses as corrupt legislation or blatantly partisan gerrymandering of legislative districts (see gerrymander) but it also provides a way for politicians to avoid responsibility for controversial measures. 66. Huber, The Progressive Career of Ben B. Lindsey, 343. Many 20-to-40 years-old are moving into their parents homes. 4. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures Submitted to the Electors of Colorado Under the Initiative and Referendum Amendment and by the 18th General Assembly (Denver, 1912), 26Google Scholar. Senator Thomas Patterson, a civic reformer. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? c. the Republican votes were split allowing Wilson to win the majority of the electoral votes (At the time in Colorado, the sponsors of initiatives and popular referendumsand not a state agencycomposed the ballot title and actual text of the measures.) Mothers' Compensation Bill Menace to Children's Home, Denver Republican, 26 October 1912. c. the 17th Amendment was passed Colorado Secretary of State, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, 1913Google Scholar. funny thing is I was just looking for this answer. 35. Immorally and dangerously, government debt is an unpaid tax bill that will presumably be paid by future generations. Both incorrectly report that the bill went to the people by legislative default. 41. See Citizens' League Petitions Are Filed with Supervisors, Rocky Mountain News, 13 April 1910; Evans-Speer Gangs Vote Bosses' Will at Primaries, Rocky Mountain News, 22 April 1910; Senator Patterson Asks W. G. Evans for Definite Statement of Moffat Road's Future, Rocky Mountain News, 12 April 1911. WebThe Progressive Era was a period of movements across the country to make social, political and judicial changes in the society; changes that originated to resolve problems caused by the Industrial Revolution and urbanization of the different areas (North, South, West). 42. Society is a living organism and must obey the laws of life, not of mechanics; it must develop. Political events that led to Oklahoma statehood mirrored the broader goals, concerns, and reforms of the so-called progressive era (19001916). This authority arguably conflicted with Measure 23, which vested custody over all public funds in the state treasurer. The indictment of the Guggenheims alongside Rockefeller's C.F. FRIDKIN, DUSTIN Th The Battle Over Ballot Initiatives in America (Lanham, Md., 2001); idem, Special Interests and Direct Democracy: An Historical Glance, in M. Dane Waters, ed., The Battle Over Citizen Lawmaking (Durham, N.C., 2001). b. government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented c. muckrakers and women's organizations b. sweeping voting reforms a. helped people living in poverty For instance, in 1914 the Denver Post opposed a plan to make newspapers a public utility. They lobbied congress to pass a constitution amendment, used the referendum process to pass state suffrage laws, recruited wealthy, well-eduction women to work for suffrage, and held protest marches and hunger strikes. As the Colorado Bar observed, There will by this law be concentrated with the said commissioners full control and authority. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 73. a. the creation of the Temperance Society 55. 61. ObamaCare has caused thousands of people to lose insurance and doctors. Not surprisingly, the proposal was roundly condemned by area newspapers. thesis, University of Denver, 1964)Google Scholar. WebCh 17 The Progressive Era Test Answers Pdf When somebody should go to the ebook stores, search instigation by shop, shelf by shelf, it is really problematic. Imperial accoutrements like old songs and statues should stay where they are. 43. b. the Populist Movement Notwithstanding the possibility of committing an ecological fallacy, one might expect the county-level vote on the two measures to be inversely related. 31. 24. 46, LAWS 1911, EIGHT HOUR LAW FOR MINERS. Render date: 2023-03-05T02:55:20.358Z For an overview, see Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd, Demanding Choices (Ann Arbor, 1998), 720Google Scholar. 70. HTML view is not available for this content. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. a. The idea of referendums, recall, and initiative was one to give votersgreater power over legislation and the lawmakers and politicians who served them. d. were all yellow journalists, -Lincoln Steffans The people believe that the Empire was good, but flawed in ways. 53. b. the influence of labor unions on factory owners was reduced Not all eyewitness accounts during the Progressive Era, however, were sanguine about the process. On average, 38 percent of those who cast votes for President voted on the twenty initiatives on the ballot; 33 percent voted on the six compulsory referendums; and only 30 percent voted on the six popular referendums. It allowed state legislatures to influence the election of U.S. senators. Hence, when a measure passes with a majority vote, the proponents of the popular referendum actually lose. Scamehorn, Lee, Mill & Mine: The C.F. and On appeal, however, the Colorado Supreme Court overturned the decision by Riddle and allowed the popular vote on the measure to stand. c. that the government was interested in environmental issues Just over a hundred years ago, the Progressive philosophy became part of American politics. 27 April 2009, Since its inaugural use in Oregon in 1904, direct democracyas practiced in twenty-seven American stateshas garnered its share of defenders and critics. Huber, Francis Anne, The Progressive Career of Ben B. Lindsey, 19001920 (Ph.D. Despite the tireless efforts of M. Dane Waters and the Initiative and Referendum Institute, much work remains simply to provide a full and accurate account of the ballot titles and texts of all the measures approved and rejected by citizens during the Progressive Era. A legislature is the embodiment of the doctrine, legislate circumvallate bedplate template breastplate nameplate faceplate chelate fishplate sibilate jubilate flagellate legislat, The declaration of independence declares that the "united colonies" are, as they ought mk mm to be, "free and independent states." The initiative passed by a margin of greater than two to one on November 5, 1912. Three new amendments to the Constitution were also proposed and ratified during this time: the 17th Amendment, ratified in 1913, allowed for Senators to be directly elected by the people. Only 94,485 voters (out of the more than 263,000 who voted for President) cast ballots on Measure 13, and just 79,354 voted on Measure 4; in contrast, 192,651 voters cast ballots on Measure 1which received the highest tally of any ballot measurecalling for statewide prohibition. 21. WebLegislative referendum was proposed by Thomas Jefferson in 1775, for Virginia's state constitution. ." Ruhil, Anirudh V.S. Ballot Initiatives, State Policies, and Public Opinion, Journal of Politics 58 (1996): 760775CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Camobreco, John, Preferences, Fiscal Policies, and the Initiative Process, Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 819829CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hagen, Michael, Lascher, Edward, and Camobreco, John, Response to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy Responsiveness, Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 12571263CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The description above best matches However, the alliance was publicly revealed in the Rocky Mountain News, owned by former U.S. Progressive Era 4 (New York, 1965)Google Scholar; Wiebe, Robert, The Search for Order, 18771920 (New York, 1967)Google Scholar; Brody, David, ed., The American Labor Movement (New York, 1971)Google Scholar; Hanford, Benjamin, The Labor War in Colorado (New York, 1904)Google Scholar. Extraordinary Session (Denver, 1910), 138139Google Scholar. The law made the production, sale, and transport of alcohol illegal. As evidence, they submit the popular adoption of numerous progressive reforms during the 1910s, such as the direct primary, women's suffrage, prohibition, the abolition of the poll tax, home rule for cities and towns, eighthour workdays for women and miners, and the regulation of public utility and railroad monopolies. Griswold's history of the Moffat Road, written sixty-eight years after McMechen's 1927 study, draws heavily from his predecessor's work. McNeal, Ramona S. Colorado Secretary of State, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 8, A.D. 1910 (Denver, 1911)Google Scholar. (February 22, 2023). By providing your information to FreedomWorks, you agree to receive email updates and up to 9 text messages per month from FreedomWorks. a system of separate schools for new immigrants b. the expansion of citizens' ObamaCare stifles employment. They sought a method to counter thisa way in which average persons could become directly involved in the political process. As Hegel wrote "the state is the divine idea as it exists on earth.". . In 1902, Shafroth was reelected as a Democrat, but he resigned his seat in 1903 after allegations of fraud were made by his opponent. 48. Johnson achieved national prominence in the early 20th century. 5. WebThe Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. David Trembath writes: The proposition that a senator with no clear agenda is making a valid political gesture by lying in the street in front of a trans childrens float trundling at less than walking pace in a performative sequin-heavy extravaganza using an incoherent rationale that inter alia the extravaganza was initiated years ago by Brown Although South Dakota (1898) and Utah (1900) had established direct-democracy mechanisms before Oregon (1902), citizens in Oregon were the first to use the statewide plebiscitary reforms. Women's Work Reform -Key was to limit number of work hours. Often in life, we go through challenges and losses At the time, the adoption by voters of these two competing measures was interpreted alternatively as both an irrational and a rational decision. Lamm, Richard and Smith, Duane, Pioneers and Politicians: 10 Colorado Governors in Profile (Boulder, 1984), 99Google Scholar. The Battle Over Ballot Initiatives in America; Lupia, Arthur, Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections, American Political Science Review 88 (1994): 6376CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 825. If the referendum question gains enough yes votes, then it passes. Many Progressives began to push for things such as the recall and referendum due to their belief that elections where voters had more power would force officeholders to be more responsible. c. 18th In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which was the first federal act to make monopolistic business practices illegal and to prohibit trusts. See League Preparing Reply to Foes of School Measure, Denver Times, 18 October 1912; Teachers Outline Attitude Toward New School Law, Denver Times, 19 October 1912; Judge Lindsey Is Answered, Rocky Mountain News, 24 October 1912; and Two Initiated Measures Which School Well Wishers Condemn, Denver Republican, 3 November 1912. Progressives believed that politicians were often afraid to introduce some types of legislation because it could be unpopular and prevent their reelection. The decision to reject a constitution that guaranteed womens rights and gender parity was made 70 years to the day since women were first given the vote in Chile. During this time, Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The increased taxing power creates more government spending, which is used by federal politicians to curry favor with voters. b. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. A recall occurs when citizens decide that they would like to vote an official out of office before his or her term has ended. For the reemergence of party involvement in ballot campaigns, see Smith, Daniel A. and Tolbert, Caroline, The Initiative to Party: Partisanship and Ballot Initiatives in California, Party Politics 7 (Winter 2001): 781799CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Make an impact in your community by becoming a Freedom Team member! d. Progressive votes for Roosevelt didn't count, the Republican votes were split allowing Wilson to win the majority of the electoral votes, Issues such as child labor were primarily associated with the- WebOn December 13, 2001, President Bush announced the withdrawal of the United States from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, a bedrock of U.S.Soviet nuclear stability during the Cold War era. Thus, the intellectual foundation was laid for unlimited taxing powers and ever-expanding bureaucracies.